Sanasto/en

Glossary

Accessibility: Digital accessibility means supporting equality and inclusion, i.e. 'that as many people as possible can use online services as easily as possible. It also means that accessibility has been taken into account in the planning and implementation of the services' (Open Science and Research Coordination in Finland 2021, 9). Accessibility is mandatory for public documents such as theses and open educational resources, among others. Accessibility involves good technical implementation, ease of use, and comprehensibility of content (Open Science and Research Coordination in Finland 2021, 9–10).

Accompanying material: Information or materials related to the thesis assignment that should be kept confidential.

Archivability: The archivable part of a thesis includes any part of the thesis where the publication format allows for long-term preservation. In some disciplines, there may also be parts of a thesis, such as events or artistic works, which are not archivable.

Article processing charge: A fee that may be charged by the publisher of an open access journal to the author or their organisation. Article processing charges may be charged by fully open access journals (so-called "gold standard" journals) or by "hybrid" journals, where only part of the content is open access. (The Helsinki Term Bank For the Arts and Sciences)

Availability: Availability refers to the accessibility of information in, for example, a public document. This means that the information in the document can be used at the desired time and in the required manner. An accessible document may, for example, be openly accessible or available on request.

Business collaboration: Business collaboration refers to collaboration between research organisations and companies for consideration or free of charge, which may vary from informal interaction to organised collaboration. Forms of collaboration include contract research, commissioned research, training and consulting. The collaboration can be funded by a public or private sector organisation.

CC licence: The Creative Commons licence is an international licence standard that allows authors to share some of their copyrights and to provide the freedoms of their choice to those using, watching or experiencing their work. More information is available at: https://creativecommons.fi.

Citizen science: Citizen science is scientific research conducted partly or entirely by amateur scientists. Citizen science can also serve official information. Citizen scientists can participate in research in many ways. For example, they can collect, classify or analyse data needed for a study. In responsible citizen science, it is important that the people are not the subjects of the research but the authors of it. There is no need to be a trained scientist to participate in research. Citizen science can also be referred to as community science, crowd-sourced science or volunteer monitoring. Citizen science requirements:

1. Citizen scientists are involved at least at one stage of the research.
2. Citizen scientists are not the subjects of the research but the authors of it.
3. Research must usually be led by a trained researcher.

Collection of information on publications: The collection of information on Finnish scholarly publications in accordance with the definitions of the Ministry of Education and Culture. The Ministry of Education and Culture uses the information for steering higher education institutions and preparing scientific policies.

Competence requirements for open education: The National recommendation on competence requirements for open education defines the knowledge and skills required for competence in open education. The competence requirements form a three-step, cumulative scale:

• the user of open educational resources understands the basic concepts of open education and is able to place them in the wider field of open science and research, understands the rights and obligations that copyright law imposes on the user of educational resources, knows how to find and use open educational resources and other materials in their teaching respecting the copyrights and licence clauses as well as knows how to assess the quality of open educational resources,
• the author of open educational resources understands the rights and obligations that copyright law imposes on the author of educational resources, knows how to prepare, publish and describe open educational resources, understands the data protection and information security issues related to open educational resources and is able to demonstrate merit in the preparation of open educational resources,
• the open education influencer is familiar with open educational practices, knows how to cocreate open educational resources and open online courses and is familiar with networking and merit practices in open education.

Conference publication: A publication based on a presentation held at a science conference.

Creative Commons: Creative Commons, the world's most common open licensing system, was created in 2001. It is the preferred licence for open source material in many countries. Creative Commons licences are designed to be easy to use and understand. It is up to the author to decide on the licence according to their own objectives. In principle, a CC licence includes an irrevocable worldwide right to redistribute the material. By choosing the appropriate additional conditions from a list of four, the author can limit these rights as they see fit. Read more: https://creativecommons.org/

Culture: In this policy, culture of open scholarship refers to the working environment and methods of science and research.

Data Management Plan: Data Management Plan (DMP) is a formal and dynamic document that specifies how resources are managed across the life cycle of a thesis, covering, for instance, research data, analysis steps (e.g. protocols, algorithms, procedures), devices and tools (e.g. information on lab equipment and manufacturers, reagents, infrastructure, software), other relevant documentation, versioning, preservation, services, terms and conditions, and open development and sharing of research data, methods and infrastructures. (Open Science and Research Coordination in Finland, Federation of Finnish Learned Societies 2023, 34)

Data preservation: Ensuring that scholarly publications and their metadata remain available, readable, understandable and usable far into the future

Educational data: Educational data refers to information accumulated on different platforms during the process of education.

Embargo: A restriction under which material can be freely used only after a set waiting period, for example once a publication has been released.

Expert roles: elated to research methods include, for instance, research software engineers, statisticians, data management support, library information specialists, legal staff, laboratory engineers, and laborants.

FAIR principles: FAIR principles are a set of guidelines to make research data Findable, Accessible, Interoperable and Reusable. This facilitates scientific discovery and access to knowledge. (Open Science and Research Coordination in Finland 2023, 34.)

FinElib: A consortium of Finnish universities, universities of applied sciences, research institutions and public libraries. Its mission is to secure and improve the availability of electronic resources.

The Finnish higher education and research community: The Finnish higher education and research community consists partly of the same players as the Finnish research community ^{<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a>}, defined in the Declaration for Open Science and Research, but in particular from the viewpoint of education. More specifically, the Finnish higher education and research community comprises:
* universities and universities of applied sciences as defined in Finnish laws and regulations;
* teaching and research personnel at Finnish universities and universities of applied sciences, and service personnel supporting teaching and research;
* students at Finnish universities and universities of applied sciences, especially when they participate in the development of education and educational resources;
* Finnish service providers developing open higher education and open research infrastructure, such as CSC – IT Center for Science Ltd;
* other players and organisations that form the Finnish research community (for example research institutions, learned societies and libraries), especially when they work with education and educational resources and participate in the development of open education; in this policy they are referred to as other organisations developing open education

Free and open source software (FOSS): See Open source software.

Good and responsible research data management: For the purposes of this policy, good management means that research data and the related metadata has been “created, saved and organised so that the research data remains usable and reliable, and that data security and privacy are ensured throughout the lifecycle of the research data”. In addition, good research data management in the very context of open science means that the principle of “as open as possible, as closed as necessary”, the FAIR principles and the principle of responsibility are taken into account at all stages of the research process. Good research data management is a necessary prerequisite for open access. Evaluation of good research data management is based on the following viewpoints:

1. According to the principle “as open as possible, as closed as necessary”, data that can be opened for access and reuse must be opened. Correspondingly, data which cannot be opened and shared must be protected and safely stored. It is ultimately the researcher’s responsibility to determine which group the research data falls into. Refraining from opening data always requires justification.
2. The FAIR principles refer to the quality of research data from the view-point of its further use. The principles aim to make research data
   • Findable
   • Accessible
   • Interoperable
   • Reusable

   Research data and metadata complying with the FAIR principles are semantically interoperable, i.e. they must be structured, described, tagged and licensed well enough, as well as stored safely, to be findable and machine readable. In most areas, it is not yet possible to create data that is fully compliant with the FAIR principles due to lack of skills and services or due to the nature of the data.

3. For the purposes of this policy, responsible data management refers to:
   • knowledge of and compliance with the principles of the field of research
   • knowledge of and compliance with the principles of research integrity
   • knowledge of and compliance with legislation
   • knowledge of and compliance with the principles of data security and privacy

   Responsible research data management is a prerequisite for all forms of data openness. Responsible data management requires that the data and metadata are managed in a way that is compliant with data security, privacy and research integrity. Responsible data management and the possibility for opening research data it entails are part of responsible conduct of research.

Incentive: Incentives refer directly to the motivation through appreciation, such as evaluation criteria, awards or honours.

Institutional repository: Institutional repository is a technical system for the storage and open online publication of scientific publications and the services built around it. (The Helsinki Term Bank For the Arts and Sciences)

Involvement in the planning and implementation of open education: Learners can be involved in the planning and implementation of open education at many levels. First of all, an individual learner can plan their open education by tailoring education for them from different study units. In addition, learners can be more generally involved in the planning of various study units utilised in open education, e.g., through surveys or workshops. Developing study units through feedback from learners is also one way of involving learners in the planning and implementation of open education.

Learner: For the purposes of the policies for open science and research, learner means a person who participates in education organised by a Finnish higher education institution or is applying or has applied for this in different ways at different stages of life or otherwise utilises the learning opportunities offered by Finnish higher education institutions. Learners include graduate students from Finnish universities, though the learner is not necessarily a graduate student

Learning analytics: Learning analytics refers to the collection, measurement, analysis and reporting of information on the learner and the learning process in order to understand and develop learning and learning environments. Learning analytics collects, measures, analyses and reports data from studies, and technical functionalities are built into the latest learning platforms. Learning analytics is based on the students’ digital traces (link in Finnish) that they leave in the systems used during their studies.

Licences: are issued by authors and copyright holders to give expanded usage rights to data, creative works, and code. For computer software and scripts, numerous established licences are available. Open licences refer to licences that support the Open Source Definition68. Some open licences include conditions for sharing derivative works (e.g. GPL, CC BY-SA). Permissive open licences (e.g. MIT, BSD-2-clause, CC BY, CC0) set minimal requirements for reuse and licensing of derivative material. Licence compatibility issues may affect the choice of a licence.

Mature research methods or infrastructures: have been used for a sufficiently long period of time to enable the detection and removal of initial shortcomings and problems, a deeper understanding of essential performance characteristics, and possibly enhanced usability by professional and non-professional users. Methods and infrastructures at varying levels of maturity are regularly used in research, and maturation of the methods and infrastructures can be an essential part of the research process. Documentation and support can be seen as additional elements of maturity and openness. Maturity levels in open research software can cover, for instance: 1) the availability of a repository for raw source code that documents how the analyses could be reproduced and has been released with an open source licence; 2) additional design choices and documentation to make the code/software more generally applicable beyond the immediate original use; 3) a full software library that follows good design practices, such as comprehensive unit tests and other recommendations; 4) provision of a fully reproducible data analytical workflow that covers the complete details from raw data to reporting. In qualitative fields, the maturity of the method could refer, for instance, to a protocol or questionnaire that has been more extensively tested and developed across multiple studies. Mature methods can also help to standardise research.

Metadata: Metadata or descriptive information refers to the context, content and structure, management and/or processing of research data and information describing and summarising its compilation.

Micropublications: provide peer-reviewed and citable means to publish brief, novel findings and results which may lack a broader scientific narrative. Micropublications can also be used for communicating and sharing information about negative results and failed experiments of implementations.

Minimum information standards: ensure that data is reported in a way that can be verified, interpreted, and analysed by others.

MyData: MyData refers to a people-centred approach to managing person-related information. MyData aims to enable individuals to continue to use and manage the (continued) use of their personal data in an interoperable, machine-readable and clear manner. MyData can also refer to a subset of personal data in which the above features are realised. MyData’s principles involve peoplecentred management of personal data, the individual as the “integration point” – that is, the enabler of the information flow, the individual’s empowerment, transferability of data, transparency and responsibility, and interoperability. These principles, written out in the MyData declaration can be used to examine the degree of implementation of MyData.

National Research Information Hub: The National Research Information Hub compiles and distributes information on research conducted in Finland, including information on publications, research material, research infrastructures, researchers and research projects. CSC –The IT Center for Science (CSC) is building the National Research Information Hub commissioned by the Ministry of Education and Culture. More information: research.fi.

Open access: The publication in its entirety is available on the Internet free of charge and without restrictions to read, print and copy at least for non-commercial use.

Open badges: Open badges are created and awarded to identify and recognise competence, skills and achievements. Open badges are often associated with making nonformal learning visible. Open badges aim to identify and recognise, for example, what we learn at work, in our hobbies or in various positions of trust. They are seen as a means of supporting lifelong learning and employment and are aimed at preventing social exclusion.

The original idea of open badges is not only to make nonformal learning visible, but also to better identify competences when, in addition to organisations, individuals and communities can identify and recognise their own or each other’s competence, skills and achievements.

From a technical point of view, an open badge is an image that contains metadata. Metadata indicates who has granted the badge to whom, what the badge recognises and stands for and the criteria on which it is based. Metadata follows the Open Badge standard, which can be used to verify whether the badge is genuine and valid.

Open education: Opening up education or Open Education means extending access to and participation in education to larger audiences and target groups by lowering barriers to education and increasing accessibility, unrestrictedness, offering and learner-centeredness. It diversifies the possibilities of teaching, learning and building, joint development and sharing of knowledge and combines the pathways of formal and nonformal learning. Although open education is often carried out using digital technologies, open education is not the same as digital education or digitalisation of educational resources.

Open educational practices: Open educational practices mean practices by which education, learning and teaching are made transparent and shared and which enable their further processing. Such practices include:

• peer learning and the development of education between students, researchers, teaching staff and the rest of the society;
• involving students in the planning of their learning pathways, including the identification and recognition of competences acquired outside their own educational establishment;
• opening up the education offering to the general public (e.g. MOOC courses);
• sharing and reuse of information relating to the planning and organising of teaching (e.g. curricula, evaluation methods, guidelines, experiences from the implementation of teaching and from learning);
• use, further development and joint development of open educational resources (e.g. videos, podcasts, written material)

Open educational resources: Open educational resources mean materials or information in any form and used on any medium, partly designed for teaching and learning purposes, which have been:

• released for public use (public domain) or;
• shared by an open licence that permits no-cost access, reuse, repurpose, adaptation and redistribution by others.

In addition, when calculating the amount of open educational resources, the calculations shall also take into account the educational resources prepared prior to the entry into force of the policy, which have been licensed by partially open licences prohibiting the publication of versions modified based on the resources, the commercial use of the resources, or both (for example Creative Commons licences including ND or NC conditions). Although scholarly publications can be used as educational resources, especially at higher education levels, and although openness of scholarly publications therefore makes these open as educational resources as well, this policy applies, above all, to educational resources which are not primarily scholarly publications. In addition, according to the policy, open educational resource must be a pedagogically meaningful whole that can be utilised in education.

The definition of open educational resources is in line with the definition of open educational resources given in the UNESCO Recommendation on Educational Resources 2019, except that the reference to research materials has been omitted, because these will be discussed in the Policy of open access to research materials and methods.

Open licence: A pre-formatted licence, the terms of which must be respected before the material can be used. Openly published material is available to all. If material is to be used publicly, the terms of the licence must be respected. Thus, anyone who uses the work further can comply with the terms of the open licence, which include, for example, attribution of the author and source in a way formulated by the author. The user obtains the rights granted by the licence (such as redistribution and modification rights) by complying with the terms of the licence. (Open Science and Research Coordination in Finland 2020, 2; link in Finnish.)

Open science: Jeejee

Open source software: a computer software in which the source code is released under a licence where the copyright holder grants users the rights to use, study, change and distribute the software to anyone and for any purpose. Source code of research methods provides complementary information in repeatability, reproducibility and reuse, compared to textual descriptions of algorithms.

Opening a thesis: Opening a thesis means that the archivable part of the thesis is made available online free of charge. Making the thesis public means that the metadata of the thesis are available, and the thesis is accessible directly or on request. A public thesis is therefore not necessarily open.

Openness of research methods and infrastructures: refers to transparency, findability, accessibility, shareability, and reusa- bility. Reusability is an essential element of openness. Openness is implemented through, for instance, documentation, standards and FAIR principles, semantic interoperability, machine reada- bility, open licensing, pre-registration, public protocols, devel- opment in open source repositories, dissemination of material collections, and digital libraries. Certain types of methods, such as questionnaires, source code, or notebooks, for instance, can be also interpreted as research data, in which case the definitions regarding open research data may be applicable. Openness of research infrastructures can refer to, for instance, 1) information on access and ownership policies and transparent governance structure; 2) infrastructure use; 3) research outputs that have been enabled by the infrastructure. Other important aspects include support for collaborative use and for citing research methods. Open methods and infrastructures are not necessarily free of cost, but they should be non-profit oriented and include minimal costs for research use.

Pre-print: Non peer-reviewed draft publication stored in a publicly accessible database.

Predatory publication: A journal or other publication that presents itself as scientific but neglects the responsibility of a scientific publisher, for example for peer review, and relies on aggressive marketing and charging fees to authors (The Helsinki Term Bank For the Arts and Sciences).

Preregistration: Preregistration specifies, in advance, the study plan and declares it in a trusted open registry. This helps to distinguish exploratory hypothesis-generating research from confirmatory hypothesis testing. Pre-registration can be declared in the research report.

Product of learning: A product of learning is the material created as a result of learning, such as a blog post, video or report.

Protocols: document the numbered steps to follow to reproduce the results obtained in a specific study: data collection, analysis including methods, or output production, for instance. In certain domains, such as laboratory work or computational research, some protocols can be automated.

Public thesis: see Opening a thesis

Publication: A research output published in a publication channel.

Publication channel: The means by which a publication reaches its readers. To enter this channel, the publication must receive a publishing decision from the owner of the publication channel.

Publication consideration: An evaluation and decision made by a publication channel on whether a draft is accepted for publication.

RDI activities: RDI activities refer to research, development and innovation activities.

Recognition of prior learning: Recognition of prior learning means a measure in which the learner’s competence that meets the criteria for the degree to be completed, the criteria for the education to be completed or the degree qualification requirements but has been acquired and demonstrated in another context and has been verified is included in the degree. The recognition of prior learning is usually preceded by the identification of prior learning in which the education provider identifies the learner’s competence and other preconditions in relation to the requirements and goals on the basis of the documents and other possible accounts presented by the learner. Together, the identification and recognition of prior learning constitute a measure similar to the accreditation of prior learning though the competence to be identified and recognised may also be something else than completed study units.

Repository: is a database or a virtual archive established to collect, disseminate and preserve scientific output. There are repositories that have been specifically intended for research methods, including the Open Science Framework, as well as digital repositories for data processing and software packages (such as GitHub or Zenodo).

Repository route: The storing of a publication or a draft accepted for publishing in an open access repository that is independent of the original publisher.

Research community: The Finnish research community consists of:

• Individual Finnish and foreign researchers and doctoral students affiliated with the aforementioned research organisations, and grant researchers affiliated with research organisations or funded by a Finnish research funder
• Research organisations such as universities, universities of applied sciences and research institutions, including their research teams
• Research funders that specialise in funding research, including the Academy of Finland, Business Finland and numerous private foundations and funds
• Service providers, including CSC, that develop the infrastructure for open science
• Learned societies
• Learned academies
• Learned libraries, archives and service providers
• learned publishers

Research data: Research data is material collected, detected, measured or created to confirm hypotheses and verify research results. Research data can usually be in digital format but also in analogue or physical format (e.g., laboratory journals).

Research data openness: For the purposes of this policy, research data openness, refers to the findability, accessibility, usability and shareability of research data for other researchers. Open access to research data requires good and responsible data management. Reuse of research data is supported through licenses, or its use may require an appropriate research permit. The responsible processing of research data that contains personal information or is sensitive or confidential requires the researcher to comply with both legislation and good practices in research integrity. In such cases, however, it is often possible to open the metadata of the research data and to provide other researchers with the opportunity to access the data through a separate agreement on the transfer.

Research infrastructures: are often a result of collaborative effort and long-term resource accumulation, and they enhance collaboration and efficient use of research resources. They can be instruments, equipment, information networks, databases, materials and services, or research organisations that serve to facilitate research, promote research collaboration and reinforce research and innovation capacity and know-how. Research infra- structures (e.g. library, greenhouse, research forest, barn, labo- ratory, computational hardware, database, software repository) can be used to provide infrastructure services (research service carried out in the greenhouse). The responsible organisation can provide support in, for instance, the use of machines and equipment to carry out successful experiments. These services can have virtual access (e.g. data products), remote access (e.g. remotely controlled measurement devices), or physical access (e.g. physical visit to calibrate a measurement device) services. Hence, research infrastructures may be single-sited, distributed or virtual, or a combination of these, and they are often used to collect data that will be stored to databases. The scope varies from local to national and international equipment and infrastructure services. Europe hosts several large-scale research infrastructures that are open to collaborative use across national boundaries. Research infrastructures are maintained primarily for research purposes. Examples of other types of infrastructures that may be additionally utilised in research include innovation, development and technology.

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Research methods: are organised and documented procedures for carrying out research and working with research data in order to generate research results76. Specific research methods often cover some part of the research life cycle from data collection to study design, access, data selection and manipulation, documentation and reporting of the research contexts, protocols and plans like interview guides, and process of analysis including concrete actions and reasoning. The openness of research methods covers the specific methods as well as their overall combination that forms the overall research workflow across the full life cycle of research. Examples of research methods include documented argumentation chains, systematic reviews, questionnaires, interview guides, research diaries, interview template, writing requests, dictation, coding, documentation of the setup (e.g. hardware setup), experimental materials (e.g. reagents), design aspects such as determination of sample size, data exclusion, manipulations, and all relevant measures, methods and docu- mentation of data collection (e.g. with non-open measurement software), lab notebooks, guidelines, technology, hardware, soft- ware, algorithms, AI methods, source code, workflows, scripts, protocols, and models. Research data and research methods are not always distinguishable. A method may be published in a peer reviewed venue, or otherwise accepted and adopted by a research community.

Research organisation: refers to an organised entity that conducts or supports independent research. Examples include universities, universities of applied sciences, research institutes, technology transfer agencies, or innovation hubs. Research infra- structures may also be interpreted as research organisations when they conduct or support independent research. The size and scope of research organisations can vary considerably.

Research output: An individual and identifiable expression that conveys information on conducted research and its findings.

Research resources: in this policy refers collectively to research data, methods, and infrastructures. It may additionally include other types of research outputs, for instance preprints, publica- tions, material, or social networks.

Researcher: is in this policy used to refer broadly to the members of the higher educational and research community, including individuals who participate in research. This includes not only professional researchers but also others working in various roles in carrying out, enabling or supporting the research work, as well as teachers and students in the higher educational and research organisations.

Responsible management of research methods and infrastructures: Responsible management of research methods and infra- structures is part of good research practices and includes documentation that supports the ability to trace all relevant methodological steps. This allows the critical evaluation of all relevant methodological choices and are necessary for trans- parency and reproducibility of research. Moreover, it supports backups, long-term storage and versioning where applicable (e.g. in software, devices, or protocols), and complies with legislation and research integrity.

Reusability: Reusability refers to the ease by which either the exact code or abstract research procedure can be further developed and adapted for future use in the same or different context.

Right to reuse research data: Right to reuse research data – The right to copy and redistribute an output and to use it as part of new work, provided that the original source is referenced in line with good scientific practice. The reuse of research data refers to the utilisation of material complied by someone else for another purpose. When data is reused, the methods are often different from those used by the original researchers. Reuse is often also referred to with the term “secondary analysis”.

Scientific journal agreement: An agreement on providing electronic resources for the Finnish scientific community negotiated by FinElib, a consortium of Finnish universities, research institutions and public libraries.

Service: In this policy, services are understood as activities that an organisation uses to promote and make the culture of open scholarship possible.

Sharing competence related to the planning and organisatin of teaching: Teachers have a wide range of competence in planning and organising teaching. Some of this may be explicit information expressed in writing, such as plans for the progress of the study unit being taught or the methods to be used. Some, on the other hand, may be more implicit competence, such as experiences about the implementation of teaching. This competence can be shared with others in many ways, at best also across organisational boundaries. Written or other materials can be shared directly with other teachers, while more implicit knowledge can be shared, for example, in presentation sessions or as informal peer tutoring and mentoring.

Sharing materials related to teaching and evaluation: The sharing of materials related to the teaching and assessment means, for example, the open sharing of curricula and assessment methods as well as guidelines and experiences related to learning and the implementation of teaching.

Teaching open to everyone: In terms of openness, teaching is a continuum, with teaching open to everyone free of charge at one end and teaching for a limited group (e.g., for graduate students) at the other. In practice, it may be difficult to classify different teaching situations at or between either end; otherwise, open teaching may have to limit, for example, the awarding of study attainments due to the lack of resources, while it may also be possible for others to follow teaching aimed primarily at graduate students, for example. This policy defines open teaching available to everyone as all education that is widely available and in which anyone can participate free of charge. There may be a fee for providing a study attainment for teaching open to everyone. Teaching open to everyone can take the form of contact teaching, distance teaching or hybrid teaching through a variety of open online courses, for example.

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Digital accessibility means supporting equality and inclusion, i.e. 'that as many people as possible can use online services as easily as possible. It also means that accessibility has been taken into account in the planning and implementation of the services' (Open Science and Research Coordination in Finland 2021, 9). Accessibility is mandatory for public documents such as theses and open educational resources, among others. Accessibility involves good technical implementation, ease of use, and comprehensibility of content (Open Science and Research Coordination in Finland 2021, 9–10).

Information or materials related to the thesis assignment that should be kept confidential.

The archivable part of a thesis includes any part of the thesis where the publication format allows for long-term preservation. In some disciplines, there may also be parts of a thesis, such as events or artistic works, which are not archivable.

A fee that may be charged by the publisher of an open access journal to the author or their organisation. Article processing charges may be charged by fully open access journals (so-called "gold standard" journals) or by "hybrid" journals, where only part of the content is open access. (The Helsinki Term Bank For the Arts and Sciences)

Availability refers to the accessibility of information in, for example, a public document. This means that the information in the document can be used at the desired time and in the required manner. An accessible document may, for example, be openly accessible or available on request.

Business collaboration refers to collaboration between research organisations and companies for consideration or free of charge, which may vary from informal interaction to organised collaboration. Forms of collaboration include contract research, commissioned research, training and consulting. The collaboration can be funded by a public or private sector organisation.

The Creative Commons licence is an international licence standard that allows authors to share some of their copyrights and to provide the freedoms of their choice to those using, watching or experiencing their work. More information is available at: https://creativecommons.fi.

Creative Commons, maailman yleisin avoin lisenssijärjestelmä, luotiin vuonna 2001. Se on suosituslisenssi avoimille aineistoille useissa maissa. Creative Commons -lisenssit on suunniteltu helppokäyttöisiksi ja helposti ymmärrettäviksi. Aineiston tekijä päättää itse lisenssistä omien tavoitteidensa mukaisesti. Lähtökohtaisesti CC-lisenssi sisältää maailmanlaajuisen peruuttamattoman oikeuden jatkolevittää aineistoa. Valitsemalla sopivat lisäehdot neljän eri ehdon joukosta tekijä voi rajoittaa näitä oikeuksia sopivaksi katsomallaan tavalla. Lue lisää: https://creativecommons.org/

Creative Commons, the world's most common open licensing system, was created in 2001. It is the preferred licence for open source material in many countries. Creative Commons licences are designed to be easy to use and understand. It is up to the author to decide on the licence according to their own objectives. In principle, a CC licence includes an irrevocable worldwide right to redistribute the material. By choosing the appropriate additional conditions from a list of four, the author can limit these rights as they see fit. Read more: https://creativecommons.org/

Creative Commons, världens vanligaste öppna licenssystem, skapades 2001. Det är den rekommenderade licensen för öppet tillgängligt material i många länder. Creative Commons-licenser (länk på finska) är utformade för att vara lätta att använda och för-stå. Upphovspersonen väljer licens enligt sina egna mål sättningar. Utgångspunkten är att en CC-licens innehåller en oåterkallelig världsomspännande rätt att vidaredistribuera materialet. Genom att välja lämpliga ytterligare villkor bland de fyra nedan kan upphovspersonen begränsa dessa rättigheter på det sätt som hen anser lämpligt. Inga ytterligare begränsningar eller villkor kan knytas till CC-licensen. Läs mer: https://creativecommons.org/

Citizen science is scientific research conducted partly or entirely by amateur scientists. Citizen science can also serve official information. Citizen scientists can participate in research in many ways. For example, they can collect, classify or analyse data needed for a study. In responsible citizen science, it is important that the people are not the subjects of the research but the authors of it. There is no need to be a trained scientist to participate in research. Citizen science can also be referred to as community science, crowd-sourced science or volunteer monitoring. Citizen science requirements:

1. Citizen scientists are involved at least at one stage of the research.
2. Citizen scientists are not the subjects of the research but the authors of it.
3. Research must usually be led by a trained researcher.

The collection of information on Finnish scholarly publications in accordance with the definitions of the Ministry of Education and Culture. The Ministry of Education and Culture uses the information for steering higher education institutions and preparing scientific policies.

In this policy, culture of open scholarship refers to the working environment and methods of science and research.

The National recommendation on competence requirements for open education defines the knowledge and skills required for competence in open education. The competence requirements form a three-step, cumulative scale:

• the user of open educational resources understands the basic concepts of open education and is able to place them in the wider field of open science and research, understands the rights and obligations that copyright law imposes on the user of educational resources, knows how to find and use open educational resources and other materials in their teaching respecting the copyrights and licence clauses as well as knows how to assess the quality of open educational resources,
• the author of open educational resources understands the rights and obligations that copyright law imposes on the author of educational resources, knows how to prepare, publish and describe open educational resources, understands the data protection and information security issues related to open educational resources and is able to demonstrate merit in the preparation of open educational resources,
• the open education influencer is familiar with open educational practices, knows how to cocreate open educational resources and open online courses and is familiar with networking and merit practices in open education.

A publication based on a presentation held at a science conference.

Data Management Plan (DMP) is a formal and dynamic document that specifies how resources are managed across the life cycle of a thesis, covering, for instance, research data, analysis steps (e.g. protocols, algorithms, procedures), devices and tools (e.g. information on lab equipment and manufacturers, reagents, infrastructure, software), other relevant documentation, versioning, preservation, services, terms and conditions, and open development and sharing of research data, methods and infrastructures. (Open Science and Research Coordination in Finland, Federation of Finnish Learned Societies 2023, 34)

Ensuring that scholarly publications and their metadata remain available, readable, understandable and usable far into the future

Educational data refers to information accumulated on different platforms during the process of education.

Rajoitus, jonka mukaan aineiston vapaa käyttö alkaa vasta säädetyn odotusajan jälkeen esimerkiksi julkaisun ilmestyttyä.

Begränsning, enligt vilken fri användning av materialet börjar först efter en reglerad väntetid efter att t.ex. en publikation kommit ut.

A restriction under which material can be freely used only after a set waiting period, for example once a publication has been released.

elated to research methods include, for instance, research software engineers, statisticians, data management support, library information specialists, legal staff, laboratory engineers, and laborants.

FAIR principles are a set of guidelines to make research data Findable, Accessible, Interoperable and Reusable. This facilitates scientific discovery and access to knowledge. (Open Science and Research Coordination in Finland 2023, 34.)

FinElib – allmänna bibliotek och vars syfte är att trygga och förbättra tillgången till elektroniskt material.

A consortium of Finnish universities, universities of applied sciences, research institutions and public libraries. Its mission is to secure and improve the availability of electronic resources.

The Finnish higher education and research community consists partly of the same players as the Finnish research community ^{<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a>}, defined in the Declaration for Open Science and Research, but in particular from the viewpoint of education. More specifically, the Finnish higher education and research community comprises:
* universities and universities of applied sciences as defined in Finnish laws and regulations;
* teaching and research personnel at Finnish universities and universities of applied sciences, and service personnel supporting teaching and research;
* students at Finnish universities and universities of applied sciences, especially when they participate in the development of education and educational resources;
* Finnish service providers developing open higher education and open research infrastructure, such as CSC – IT Center for Science Ltd;
* other players and organisations that form the Finnish research community (for example research institutions, learned societies and libraries), especially when they work with education and educational resources and participate in the development of open education; in this policy they are referred to as other organisations developing open education

See Open source software.

a computer software in which the source code is released under a licence where the copyright holder grants users the rights to use, study, change and distribute the software to anyone and for any purpose. Source code of research methods provides complementary information in repeatability, reproducibility and reuse, compared to textual descriptions of algorithms.

For the purposes of this policy, good management means that research data and the related metadata has been “created, saved and organised so that the research data remains usable and reliable, and that data security and privacy are ensured throughout the lifecycle of the research data”. In addition, good research data management in the very context of open science means that the principle of “as open as possible, as closed as necessary”, the FAIR principles and the principle of responsibility are taken into account at all stages of the research process. Good research data management is a necessary prerequisite for open access. Evaluation of good research data management is based on the following viewpoints:

1. According to the principle “as open as possible, as closed as necessary”, data that can be opened for access and reuse must be opened. Correspondingly, data which cannot be opened and shared must be protected and safely stored. It is ultimately the researcher’s responsibility to determine which group the research data falls into. Refraining from opening data always requires justification.
2. The FAIR principles refer to the quality of research data from the view-point of its further use. The principles aim to make research data
   • Findable
   • Accessible
   • Interoperable
   • Reusable

   Research data and metadata complying with the FAIR principles are semantically interoperable, i.e. they must be structured, described, tagged and licensed well enough, as well as stored safely, to be findable and machine readable. In most areas, it is not yet possible to create data that is fully compliant with the FAIR principles due to lack of skills and services or due to the nature of the data.

3. For the purposes of this policy, responsible data management refers to:
   • knowledge of and compliance with the principles of the field of research
   • knowledge of and compliance with the principles of research integrity
   • knowledge of and compliance with legislation
   • knowledge of and compliance with the principles of data security and privacy

   Responsible research data management is a prerequisite for all forms of data openness. Responsible data management requires that the data and metadata are managed in a way that is compliant with data security, privacy and research integrity. Responsible data management and the possibility for opening research data it entails are part of responsible conduct of research.

Incentives refer directly to the motivation through appreciation, such as evaluation criteria, awards or honours.

Institutional repository is a technical system for the storage and open online publication of scientific publications and the services built around it. (The Helsinki Term Bank For the Arts and Sciences)

Learners can be involved in the planning and implementation of open education at many levels. First of all, an individual learner can plan their open education by tailoring education for them from different study units. In addition, learners can be more generally involved in the planning of various study units utilised in open education, e.g., through surveys or workshops. Developing study units through feedback from learners is also one way of involving learners in the planning and implementation of open education.

For the purposes of the policies for open science and research, learner means a person who participates in education organised by a Finnish higher education institution or is applying or has applied for this in different ways at different stages of life or otherwise utilises the learning opportunities offered by Finnish higher education institutions. Learners include graduate students from Finnish universities, though the learner is not necessarily a graduate student

Learning analytics refers to the collection, measurement, analysis and reporting of information on the learner and the learning process in order to understand and develop learning and learning environments. Learning analytics collects, measures, analyses and reports data from studies, and technical functionalities are built into the latest learning platforms. Learning analytics is based on the students’ digital traces (link in Finnish) that they leave in the systems used during their studies.

are issued by authors and copyright holders to give expanded usage rights to data, creative works, and code. For computer software and scripts, numerous established licences are available. Open licences refer to licences that support the Open Source Definition68. Some open licences include conditions for sharing derivative works (e.g. GPL, CC BY-SA). Permissive open licences (e.g. MIT, BSD-2-clause, CC BY, CC0) set minimal requirements for reuse and licensing of derivative material. Licence compatibility issues may affect the choice of a licence.

have been used for a sufficiently long period of time to enable the detection and removal of initial shortcomings and problems, a deeper understanding of essential performance characteristics, and possibly enhanced usability by professional and non-professional users. Methods and infrastructures at varying levels of maturity are regularly used in research, and maturation of the methods and infrastructures can be an essential part of the research process. Documentation and support can be seen as additional elements of maturity and openness. Maturity levels in open research software can cover, for instance: 1) the availability of a repository for raw source code that documents how the analyses could be reproduced and has been released with an open source licence; 2) additional design choices and documentation to make the code/software more generally applicable beyond the immediate original use; 3) a full software library that follows good design practices, such as comprehensive unit tests and other recommendations; 4) provision of a fully reproducible data analytical workflow that covers the complete details from raw data to reporting. In qualitative fields, the maturity of the method could refer, for instance, to a protocol or questionnaire that has been more extensively tested and developed across multiple studies. Mature methods can also help to standardise research.

Med metadata avses beskrivande och sammanfattande information om forskningsmaterialets kontext, innehåll och struktur, behandling och/eller hantering samt insamling av det.

Metadata or descriptive information refers to the context, content and structure, management and/or processing of research data and information describing and summarising its compilation.

Metadatalla, metatiedolla tai kuvailutiedolla tarkoitetaan tutkimusaineiston kontekstia, sisältöä ja rakennetta, hallintaa ja/tai käsittelyä sekä sen kokoamista kuvaavaa ja tiivistettyä tietoa.

provide peer-reviewed and citable means to publish brief, novel findings and results which may lack a broader scientific narrative. Micropublications can also be used for communicating and sharing information about negative results and failed experiments of implementations.

ensure that data is reported in a way that can be verified, interpreted, and analysed by others.

Med MyData (egendata) avses en människoorienterad approach till hantering av data som gäller individer. Målet med MyData är att en person själv kan hantera användningen av sina personuppgifter på ett sätt som stöder (åter)användning, interoperabilitet, maskinläsbarhet och tydlighet. MyData kan även avse en delmängd personuppgifter som uppfyller tidigare nämnda egenskaper. Principerna för MyData är människoorienterad hantering av personuppgifter, individen som ”integrationspunkt” – det vill säga den som möjliggör informationsflödet – stärkande av individen, möjlighet att överföra information, transparens och ansvarsfullhet samt interoperabilitet. Med hjälp av dessa principer i MyData-deklarationen är det möjligt att granska i vilken grad MyData förverkligas.

MyDatalla (omadatalla) tarkoitetaan ihmiskeskeistä lähestymistapaa henkilöön liittyvän tiedon hallintaan. MyDatalla tavoitellaan sitä, että henkilö itse voi jatkokäyttää ja hallinnoida omia henkilöä koskevien tietojensa (jatko)käyttöä yhteentoimivalla, koneluettavalla ja selkeällä tavalla. MyDatalla voidaan tarkoittaa myös henkilötietojen osajoukkoa, jossa edellä mainitut ominaisuudet toteutuvat. MyDatan periaatteet ovat ihmiskeskeinen henkilötiedon hallinta, yksilö ”integraatiopisteenä” – eli tiedonliikkumisen mahdollistajana – yksilön voimaannuttaminen, tiedon siirrettävyys, läpinäkyvyys ja vastuullisuus sekä yhteentoimivuus. Näiden MyData-julistuksessa aukikirjoitettujen periaatteiden avulla voidaan tarkastella MyDatan toteutumisastetta

MyData refers to a people-centred approach to managing person-related information. MyData aims to enable individuals to continue to use and manage the (continued) use of their personal data in an interoperable, machine-readable and clear manner. MyData can also refer to a subset of personal data in which the above features are realised. MyData’s principles involve peoplecentred management of personal data, the individual as the “integration point” – that is, the enabler of the information flow, the individual’s empowerment, transferability of data, transparency and responsibility, and interoperability. These principles, written out in the MyData declaration can be used to examine the degree of implementation of MyData.

The National Research Information Hub compiles and distributes information on research conducted in Finland, including information on publications, research material, research infrastructures, researchers and research projects. CSC –The IT Center for Science (CSC) is building the National Research Information Hub commissioned by the Ministry of Education and Culture. More information: research.fi.

The publication in its entirety is available on the Internet free of charge and without restrictions to read, print and copy at least for non-commercial use.

Open badges are created and awarded to identify and recognise competence, skills and achievements. Open badges are often associated with making nonformal learning visible. Open badges aim to identify and recognise, for example, what we learn at work, in our hobbies or in various positions of trust. They are seen as a means of supporting lifelong learning and employment and are aimed at preventing social exclusion.

The original idea of open badges is not only to make nonformal learning visible, but also to better identify competences when, in addition to organisations, individuals and communities can identify and recognise their own or each other’s competence, skills and achievements.

From a technical point of view, an open badge is an image that contains metadata. Metadata indicates who has granted the badge to whom, what the badge recognises and stands for and the criteria on which it is based. Metadata follows the Open Badge standard, which can be used to verify whether the badge is genuine and valid.

Opening up education or Open Education means extending access to and participation in education to larger audiences and target groups by lowering barriers to education and increasing accessibility, unrestrictedness, offering and learner-centeredness. It diversifies the possibilities of teaching, learning and building, joint development and sharing of knowledge and combines the pathways of formal and nonformal learning. Although open education is often carried out using digital technologies, open education is not the same as digital education or digitalisation of educational resources.

Open educational practices mean practices by which education, learning and teaching are made transparent and shared and which enable their further processing. Such practices include:

• peer learning and the development of education between students, researchers, teaching staff and the rest of the society;
• involving students in the planning of their learning pathways, including the identification and recognition of competences acquired outside their own educational establishment;
• opening up the education offering to the general public (e.g. MOOC courses);
• sharing and reuse of information relating to the planning and organising of teaching (e.g. curricula, evaluation methods, guidelines, experiences from the implementation of teaching and from learning);
• use, further development and joint development of open educational resources (e.g. videos, podcasts, written material)

Open educational resources mean materials or information in any form and used on any medium, partly designed for teaching and learning purposes, which have been:

• released for public use (public domain) or;
• shared by an open licence that permits no-cost access, reuse, repurpose, adaptation and redistribution by others.

In addition, when calculating the amount of open educational resources, the calculations shall also take into account the educational resources prepared prior to the entry into force of the policy, which have been licensed by partially open licences prohibiting the publication of versions modified based on the resources, the commercial use of the resources, or both (for example Creative Commons licences including ND or NC conditions). Although scholarly publications can be used as educational resources, especially at higher education levels, and although openness of scholarly publications therefore makes these open as educational resources as well, this policy applies, above all, to educational resources which are not primarily scholarly publications. In addition, according to the policy, open educational resource must be a pedagogically meaningful whole that can be utilised in education.

The definition of open educational resources is in line with the definition of open educational resources given in the UNESCO Recommendation on Educational Resources 2019, except that the reference to research materials has been omitted, because these will be discussed in the Policy of open access to research materials and methods.

A pre-formatted licence, the terms of which must be respected before the material can be used. Openly published material is available to all. If material is to be used publicly, the terms of the licence must be respected. Thus, anyone who uses the work further can comply with the terms of the open licence, which include, for example, attribution of the author and source in a way formulated by the author. The user obtains the rights granted by the licence (such as redistribution and modification rights) by complying with the terms of the licence. (Open Science and Research Coordination in Finland 2020, 2; link in Finnish.)

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Opening a thesis means that the archivable part of the thesis is made available online free of charge. Making the thesis public means that the metadata of the thesis are available, and the thesis is accessible directly or on request. A public thesis is therefore not necessarily open.

refers to transparency, findability, accessibility, shareability, and reusa- bility. Reusability is an essential element of openness. Openness is implemented through, for instance, documentation, standards and FAIR principles, semantic interoperability, machine reada- bility, open licensing, pre-registration, public protocols, devel- opment in open source repositories, dissemination of material collections, and digital libraries. Certain types of methods, such as questionnaires, source code, or notebooks, for instance, can be also interpreted as research data, in which case the definitions regarding open research data may be applicable. Openness of research infrastructures can refer to, for instance, 1) information on access and ownership policies and transparent governance structure; 2) infrastructure use; 3) research outputs that have been enabled by the infrastructure. Other important aspects include support for collaborative use and for citing research methods. Open methods and infrastructures are not necessarily free of cost, but they should be non-profit oriented and include minimal costs for research use.

Reusability refers to the ease by which either the exact code or abstract research procedure can be further developed and adapted for future use in the same or different context.

Vertaisarvioimaton, julkisesti saavutettavaan tietokantaan tallennettu julkaisuluonnos.

Non peer-reviewed draft publication stored in a publicly accessible database.

A journal or other publication that presents itself as scientific but neglects the responsibility of a scientific publisher, for example for peer review, and relies on aggressive marketing and charging fees to authors (The Helsinki Term Bank For the Arts and Sciences).

Preregistration specifies, in advance, the study plan and declares it in a trusted open registry. This helps to distinguish exploratory hypothesis-generating research from confirmatory hypothesis testing. Pre-registration can be declared in the research report.

A product of learning is the material created as a result of learning, such as a blog post, video or report.

document the numbered steps to follow to reproduce the results obtained in a specific study: data collection, analysis including methods, or output production, for instance. In certain domains, such as laboratory work or computational research, some protocols can be automated.

see Opening a thesis

A research output published in a publication channel.

The means by which a publication reaches its readers. To enter this channel, the publication must receive a publishing decision from the owner of the publication channel.

An evaluation and decision made by a publication channel on whether a draft is accepted for publication.

RDI activities refer to research, development and innovation activities.

Recognition of prior learning means a measure in which the learner’s competence that meets the criteria for the degree to be completed, the criteria for the education to be completed or the degree qualification requirements but has been acquired and demonstrated in another context and has been verified is included in the degree. The recognition of prior learning is usually preceded by the identification of prior learning in which the education provider identifies the learner’s competence and other preconditions in relation to the requirements and goals on the basis of the documents and other possible accounts presented by the learner. Together, the identification and recognition of prior learning constitute a measure similar to the accreditation of prior learning though the competence to be identified and recognised may also be something else than completed study units.

is a database or a virtual archive established to collect, disseminate and preserve scientific output. There are repositories that have been specifically intended for research methods, including the Open Science Framework, as well as digital repositories for data processing and software packages (such as GitHub or Zenodo).

The storing of a publication or a draft accepted for publishing in an open access repository that is independent of the original publisher.

The Finnish research community consists of:

• Individual Finnish and foreign researchers and doctoral students affiliated with the aforementioned research organisations, and grant researchers affiliated with research organisations or funded by a Finnish research funder
• Research organisations such as universities, universities of applied sciences and research institutions, including their research teams
• Research funders that specialise in funding research, including the Academy of Finland, Business Finland and numerous private foundations and funds
• Service providers, including CSC, that develop the infrastructure for open science
• Learned societies
• Learned academies
• Learned libraries, archives and service providers
• learned publishers

In this policy, services are understood as activities that an organisation uses to promote and make the culture of open scholarship possible.

Research data is material collected, detected, measured or created to confirm hypotheses and verify research results. Research data can usually be in digital format but also in analogue or physical format (e.g., laboratory journals).

For the purposes of this policy, research data openness, refers to the findability, accessibility, usability and shareability of research data for other researchers. Open access to research data requires good and responsible data management. Reuse of research data is supported through licenses, or its use may require an appropriate research permit. The responsible processing of research data that contains personal information or is sensitive or confidential requires the researcher to comply with both legislation and good practices in research integrity. In such cases, however, it is often possible to open the metadata of the research data and to provide other researchers with the opportunity to access the data through a separate agreement on the transfer.

are often a result of collaborative effort and long-term resource accumulation, and they enhance collaboration and efficient use of research resources. They can be instruments, equipment, information networks, databases, materials and services, or research organisations that serve to facilitate research, promote research collaboration and reinforce research and innovation capacity and know-how. Research infra- structures (e.g. library, greenhouse, research forest, barn, labo- ratory, computational hardware, database, software repository) can be used to provide infrastructure services (research service carried out in the greenhouse). The responsible organisation can provide support in, for instance, the use of machines and equipment to carry out successful experiments. These services can have virtual access (e.g. data products), remote access (e.g. remotely controlled measurement devices), or physical access (e.g. physical visit to calibrate a measurement device) services. Hence, research infrastructures may be single-sited, distributed or virtual, or a combination of these, and they are often used to collect data that will be stored to databases. The scope varies from local to national and international equipment and infrastructure services. Europe hosts several large-scale research infrastructures that are open to collaborative use across national boundaries. Research infrastructures are maintained primarily for research purposes. Examples of other types of infrastructures that may be additionally utilised in research include innovation, development and technology.

Tutkimusaineisto (on tutkijan tai tutkimusryhmän tutkimusprosessin aikana käyttämä resurssi, eli digitaalisessa, analogisessa tai fyysisessä muodossa olevaa tieteellisen ja taiteellisen tutkimuksen perusaineistoa. Tutkimusaineisto on laajempi käsite kuin tutkimusdata, kattaen esimerkiksi lähdekirjallisuuden (esimerkiksi asiakirja-aineisto) ja näytteet (esimerkiksi verinäytteet, sammalet).

are organised and documented procedures for carrying out research and working with research data in order to generate research results76. Specific research methods often cover some part of the research life cycle from data collection to study design, access, data selection and manipulation, documentation and reporting of the research contexts, protocols and plans like interview guides, and process of analysis including concrete actions and reasoning. The openness of research methods covers the specific methods as well as their overall combination that forms the overall research workflow across the full life cycle of research. Examples of research methods include documented argumentation chains, systematic reviews, questionnaires, interview guides, research diaries, interview template, writing requests, dictation, coding, documentation of the setup (e.g. hardware setup), experimental materials (e.g. reagents), design aspects such as determination of sample size, data exclusion, manipulations, and all relevant measures, methods and docu- mentation of data collection (e.g. with non-open measurement software), lab notebooks, guidelines, technology, hardware, soft- ware, algorithms, AI methods, source code, workflows, scripts, protocols, and models. Research data and research methods are not always distinguishable. A method may be published in a peer reviewed venue, or otherwise accepted and adopted by a research community.

refers to an organised entity that conducts or supports independent research. Examples include universities, universities of applied sciences, research institutes, technology transfer agencies, or innovation hubs. Research infra- structures may also be interpreted as research organisations when they conduct or support independent research. The size and scope of research organisations can vary considerably.

An individual and identifiable expression that conveys information on conducted research and its findings.

in this policy refers collectively to research data, methods, and infrastructures. It may additionally include other types of research outputs, for instance preprints, publica- tions, material, or social networks.

is in this policy used to refer broadly to the members of the higher educational and research community, including individuals who participate in research. This includes not only professional researchers but also others working in various roles in carrying out, enabling or supporting the research work, as well as teachers and students in the higher educational and research organisations.

Responsible management of research methods and infra- structures is part of good research practices and includes documentation that supports the ability to trace all relevant methodological steps. This allows the critical evaluation of all relevant methodological choices and are necessary for trans- parency and reproducibility of research. Moreover, it supports backups, long-term storage and versioning where applicable (e.g. in software, devices, or protocols), and complies with legislation and research integrity.

Right to reuse research data – The right to copy and redistribute an output and to use it as part of new work, provided that the original source is referenced in line with good scientific practice. The reuse of research data refers to the utilisation of material complied by someone else for another purpose. When data is reused, the methods are often different from those used by the original researchers. Reuse is often also referred to with the term “secondary analysis”.

An agreement on providing electronic resources for the Finnish scientific community negotiated by FinElib, a consortium of Finnish universities, research institutions and public libraries.

Teachers have a wide range of competence in planning and organising teaching. Some of this may be explicit information expressed in writing, such as plans for the progress of the study unit being taught or the methods to be used. Some, on the other hand, may be more implicit competence, such as experiences about the implementation of teaching. This competence can be shared with others in many ways, at best also across organisational boundaries. Written or other materials can be shared directly with other teachers, while more implicit knowledge can be shared, for example, in presentation sessions or as informal peer tutoring and mentoring.

The sharing of materials related to the teaching and assessment means, for example, the open sharing of curricula and assessment methods as well as guidelines and experiences related to learning and the implementation of teaching.

In terms of openness, teaching is a continuum, with teaching open to everyone free of charge at one end and teaching for a limited group (e.g., for graduate students) at the other. In practice, it may be difficult to classify different teaching situations at or between either end; otherwise, open teaching may have to limit, for example, the awarding of study attainments due to the lack of resources, while it may also be possible for others to follow teaching aimed primarily at graduate students, for example. This policy defines open teaching available to everyone as all education that is widely available and in which anyone can participate free of charge. There may be a fee for providing a study attainment for teaching open to everyone. Teaching open to everyone can take the form of contact teaching, distance teaching or hybrid teaching through a variety of open online courses, for example.